不少讀者在澳洲生活或者將會移民澳洲,或許會對以下內容有興趣。
最近上了幾個COVID management的課,臨床上遇到不少COVID個案,跟同大家分享下澳洲COVID現時的情況
***以下內容只作參考、分享和討論用途,實際臨床治療請根據個別醫院的指引)***
【澳洲現時狀況】
主要爆發在於NSW,其他States每日確診數目前仍然為個位或雙位數,但Victoria有急速增長的潛力。所以地區的爆發個案以Delta為主。
NSW經歷兩個月封城後,並未能成功把Delta壓下來,現時每日400+個案,累積個案已8000+,ICU使用量約60+。全個NSW有約500到600張ICU病床,政府宣佈如有需要可double ICU病床數量。不過目前已有約11-14%的ICU被COVID病人佔用。未來兩星期及往後的兩個月專家預計每月確診數會升至1000+的四位數字。
為什麼封城好像沒用?很多專家有不同解說,可能是疫苗覆蓋率太低、部分民眾繼續馬照跑舞照跳開BBQ Party、封城以唧牙膏方式逐個Suburb逐個封、一年半後都仍然有人不肯戴口罩或戴不好個口罩、一年半後仍然可以出現院內交叉感染等等。
【臨床上我們學會了什麼?】
最新的研究仍然顯示重症大多是未接種疫苗的民眾,值得注意的是Delta除了傳播率更高外,似乎造成重症的機會比起original/alpha更高,特別是針對年輕群體。不過目前數據很多confounding factors,到底是因為年輕群體大多未打疫苗/未排隊打到疫苗,所以比較容易出現重症定還是delta的殺傷力比較大,相信過多幾個月有更多數據便會更清晰。
感染後一般的disease course是怎樣?
大約80%會是輕症、10-15%會是moderate to severe(大多需要住院治療)、5%是重症(Critical,或需要ICU)。Incubation period大部分3-5日就開始病發,delta似乎更短,但可長至14-21日不等。
具更高風險的群體為男性、長者、本身有心臟病、肺病、免疫系統不良、糖尿病(1/2型)、長期腎病、吸煙等等。
病發後通常day 5-8開始惡化,9-12日就開始peak,常見併發症有肺部、心臟、血栓、炎症性反應等等。
肺部如大家都相當了解,常見的為非典型性肺炎的bilateral peripheral lower zone pattern,但這種pattern亦在老人/COPD群體上的atypical bacterial pneumonia較為常見,所以並不能只靠CXR去判斷,CT Chest的話有更多defining features。不過早期病發的話,imaging未必好conclusive。歐美甚至現時澳洲,基本上你發燒或有呼吸道徵症都會幫你驗COVID。
心臟的話如任何病毒性感染,都有myocarditis的風險,同時如果嚴重的cytokine storm和multi organ failures的話,T2MI亦相當常見。臨床可疑的話ECG和troponin都不會少做。
血栓風險其實不低,如任何嚴重炎症性疾病或感染,COVID的PE風險視乎人種和Studies,都有差不多1-3%。歐美加澳等白人為主的國家以往多數有hospital policy, for any hospital admission > 24 hours都會建議打40mg SC enoxaparin作DVT prophylaxis,但有趣的是亞洲人血栓的風險其實低好多,亞洲地區甚少打prophylactic enoxaparin,但somehow日常都會照幫亞洲病人打,到底是否合適,就值得商榷。不過因為COVID,現時不少臨床建議感染COVID住院的話都打prophylactic enoxaparin。不過therapeutic enoxaparin (1mg/kg BD)就發現似乎對outcome沒有重大影響,更可能增加出血風險。
亦有個別指引建議如有臨床懷疑的話定期驗一驗D-dimer,但不少不幸染上COVID的病人都有underlying disease本身都會增加d-dimer,如果你d-dimer positive你都基本上要CTPA,但CTPA你照完1個COVID病人又要deep clean間房,下個照CT的病人便要等一輪,到底驗還是不驗,仍然是臨床上不簡單的選擇。
【目前治療的選擇】
目前有較多證據支持的藥物有Dexamethasone,類固醇似乎永遠不會令人類失望。NEJM鼎鼎大名的RECOVERY Trial發現6mg PO/IV daily可以減低重症患者28 days mortality,特別對於需要氧氣支援和插喉患者最為有用,亦可減小ARDS的機會。但對沒有氧氣需求的患者來說並無重大分別。所以輕症並不建議使用Dexamethasone
Remdesivir早期被譽為神藥,NEJM研究發現對輕症並無重大作用,但對中等至嚴重患者來說則有縮短住院時間的好處,特別在需要氧氣支援的患者上。但似乎對已插喉的患者身上無重大幫助,可能由於插喉已是最後手段而插得喉時抗病毒或許已非最重要的因素,而是應對那可惡的ARDS
Tocilizumab (IL-6 inhibitor),以往用在自體免疫系統炎症性疾病,如類風濕關節炎等。近一兩年在COVID的臨床研究其實都相當controversial,有些研究顯示有用,有些顯示無重大分別,但最近似乎又有新數據對於重症病人來說在控制cytokine storm上有不錯的效果。不過仍然需要更多數據、在使用時機和跟其他藥物配合上。
另外亦開始有研究使用Baricitinib (JAK inhibitor),跟Tocilizumab一樣,原是用在自體免疫系統炎症性疾病,如類風濕關節炎等。目前研究亦是似乎有控制cytokines storm,在重症上有正面效果。不過仍然需要更多數據、在使用時機和跟其他藥物配合上。
在美國亦有時會用到Regeneron的monoclonal antibodies,不過美國外的地方基本上都未引入,相信一來天價、二來貨量亦不足供應全球。有興趣可以自己google一下。
最後就是回歸病毒感染大多都是依賴支援性療法,人類到目前為止都仍然未有方法可以有效地殺死病毒,大多只能靠免疫系統,用藥物抑制病毒生成速度,讓免疫系統和抗體清除病毒。
於COVID治療中最常見的便是氧氣,如mild to moderate的一般只要nasal cannula支,大部分病人aim saturation >90%。但嚴重或重症時便要考慮high flow或NIV或插喉。不過NIV或插喉大多需要ICU支援,而插喉後比較麻煩的是好多時都wean不甩條喉,所以一般除非到最後階段都避免插喉,而當病人惡化到必須插喉時,Tocilizumab和Baricitinib似乎未有非常好的效果,可能已經miss the boat?這需要更多數據和研究
另外就是有趣的是intermittent prone position似乎對血含氧量有改善。不過到底對預後有無幫助就仍然未明。
今日暫時講到呢到,最近澳洲大爆發,作為前線醫生都遇到不少COVID病人,如果大家有興趣,下篇跟大家分享一下前線醫護面對的困難和壓力。
同時也有2部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過14萬的網紅SARAH & JASON,也在其Youtube影片中提到,We never filmed this 2 years ago before Damon's birth. And of course this was filmed before Jamie was born. This time round we've been quite prepared ...
「hospital admission」的推薦目錄:
- 關於hospital admission 在 Dr 文科生 Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於hospital admission 在 Noh Salleh Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於hospital admission 在 Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於hospital admission 在 SARAH & JASON Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於hospital admission 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於hospital admission 在 How to do a hospital admission (part 1) - YouTube 的評價
hospital admission 在 Noh Salleh Facebook 的精選貼文
*📣 Baby Muhd Arman Needs YOU!*
Muhamamd Arman is a one month old baby from Myanmar. He is diagnosed with Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries and is in need to do Arterial Switch surgery to save his life. Without this surgery, Baby Arman have no chance of survival. The surgery is expected to be done early next week at Institute Jantung Negara (IJN).
Imran, Arman's father came to Malaysia in 2012 to seek refuge due to the persecution happening in his home country. Before the pandemic, he only does odd jobs to support his family of five. The eldest child is 5 years old while the second is 3 years old. Muhammad Arman is the youngest at 39-days old. As odd jobs are very scarce, it has been a long time since he is paid. Even to provide food and shelter is a big challenge to fulfill. When asked about what are his wishes for his son, he just wants his baby to be healthy but dare not to hope for it.
Procedure Needed: Arterial Switch
Date of Admission: Mid next week (pending surgeon's availability)
Hospital: Institute Jantung Negara (IJN).
Estimated Cost of Surgery: RM70,000
Please help with what you can. Any amount of donations will make a big difference!
CIMB Bank Berhad
8001143146
Yayasan Chow Kit
Reference: "Arman"
Tax Exemption is available upon request.
For inquires, please contact:
Whatsapp: 01127441303 Hasan / 0133533483 Amy
Email: tinygoldhearts@gmail.com
Website: www.tinygoldheartsproject.com
This project is in collaborations with Yayasan Chow Kit, Maryam Saves a Heart, Refuge For The Refugees and GIVEAsia.
Thank you. Please share!
Reposted from @alhasanvn
hospital admission 在 Facebook 的最佳解答
Like seriously? Does Sembahyang Raya will really put this pandemic to an end? I’m not even sure if all these people are fully vaccinated! But that also doesn’t mean they’re safe from Covid! Infact, they might be the super spreader to those who are yet to be vaccinated! Didn’t u guys hear that hospital no longer have beds for new admission?!?! And doctors are forgoing old patients for those younger ones w higher survival rate! Really irresponsible behavior! 😪😪😪
#foolish #onlyinmalaysia
hospital admission 在 SARAH & JASON Youtube 的最佳貼文
We never filmed this 2 years ago before Damon's birth.
And of course this was filmed before Jamie was born.
This time round we've been quite prepared so we were rushed preparing to go to the hospital
Also we managed to film a bunch of stuff before baby Jamie arrived.
You'll still be watching some of heavily pregnant Sarah on YouTube for the next couple of weeks hahaha.
Why we didn't get around to filming this topic last time? Maybe we were a bit rushed, maybe it was so late in the pregnancy that we wanted to chill back and relax.
All in all this second pregnancy hasn't been too nerve wracking.
All the stuff that we have worried about hasn't been pregnancy-related, it's been COVID-19 related, cleaning, staying at home, trying to protect our family and friends.
It would've been nice to have taken Damon to see the doctor during the pregnancy, and I'm sure he would've loved to have visited mummy after she gave birth.
But let's not be silly, there's no rush for Damon to see Jamie, they're going to have plenty of time to spend together, it's going to be so much fun for them and for us❤️
Of course there will be plenty of baby vlogs later.
Please bear with us as we try to juggle two kids, a 2 year old and a newborn?
Thank you for all your blessings❤️
_________________________________
00:00 Start
01:39 Documents & Admission Letter
01:46 Medical Mask
02:06 Pyjamas
02:26 Socks
02:45 Slipper
03:24 Underwear
04:45 CPU, phone
05:26 Skin care
05:45 NanoCool Kit #SmartCells
06:02 Hair stuff
07:19 Napkin/Cloth
08:06 OOTD (Mama and baby)
08:42 Disinfectant #ensureguard
09:40 Bag
10:27 Suitcase #VictorinoxHK
Optional:
Sanitary Napkins
Foldaway basin
_____________________________
Sarah's Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/rahrahsong/
Jason's Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/chanjason_/
#MumRah #HospitalBag #HavingABaby
#LoveAndFamily #BabyJamie #DamonAndJamie #DJ
#LookAfterYourFamily #LookAfterYourBaby
#LookAfterYourBabies (all 3 of them)
#StayHome
#StayCalm #StayPositive
#StaySafe #StayHealthy
#LookAfterYourself #LookAfterEachOther
#KeepUpTheHardWork
hospital admission 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳貼文
In areas where telephone 〒 Ōjichō Nada-ku, Kobe 657-0838 3-1 TEL 078-861-5624
March 10 Opening hours Mon 9:00 am - 5:00 pm
Mon Feb 11 9:00 am - 4:30 pm
(However, the time of admission closed down 30 minutes before)
Every Sun Holiday Park Wednesday
(Overlaps with the holiday opening)
29.30.31 Dec. date, January 1
Adults 600 yen entry fee Gardens, 200 yen for junior high
The following elementary school, 65 years or older living in Hyogo Prefecture, disabled persons free
65 years or older living in Hyogo Prefecture ※ Please understand what you have name, address and date of birth and driver's license senior citizens handbook.
In addition, people with disabilities, etc. Please bring your own disability.
Group discount
30 - 99% discount
299 100 20% discount
Over 30% off 300
Guests junior high school students on a school trip is the "Passport of Fun" Kobe, and you will have free admission and
Click here for details
http://www.feel-kobe.jp/kyoiku/
Parking Parking (30 minutes per hour) Car (one)
0 to 150 yen per 2 hours 30 minutes
2 100 yen per 30 minutes to 4 hours
50 yen per 30 minutes over four hours
Bus (one)
500 yen per 30 minutes
Limit 3,000
※ (trains so crowded on Sundays and public holidays, please use the bus.)
Information available on discount Sannomiya municipal parking Hanakuma ★
Click here for details
Is also such a thing!
Penguin Guide ● (Sunday, around 3:30 pm Public Holidays)
Children's Animal Department ● (Sunday, 1:15 pm Holidays - 3:00 pm)
● Communicating petting []
[Petting Guide provides four times a day so far (one of the group booking) of "Communicating" I went to the large animal stress, animal hospital had increased.
Therefore, from July 1 to stop, along with group bookings, "Communicating" will be changed to three times a day.
Have multiplied the inconvenience, thank you for your understanding.
The 1st time 10:20 to 10:50
2nd 13:10 to 13:30
15:00 to 15:20 third
※ The rainy day, will stop petting.
● Education Project for Animals
(Reservations required, please consult the content carried on the date in advance.)
hospital admission 在 How to do a hospital admission (part 1) - YouTube 的推薦與評價
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